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Timeline of London (1800s) facts for kids

Kids Encyclopedia Facts

The following is a timeline of the history of London in the 19th century, the capital of England and the United Kingdom.

1800 to 1809

  • 1800
    • 8 January: The first soup kitchens are opened in London.
    • 13 January: The Royal Institution is granted a royal charter.
    • 22 March: The Company of Surgeons is granted a royal charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons in London.
    • 15 May: George III survives 2 assassination attempts in London. In Hyde Park, a bullet intended for him hits a man standing alongside, and later at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 2 bullets fired by an insane man hit the wooden panel behind him.
    • In London, Henry Maudslay develops the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe, which allows for the standardisation of screw thread sizes for the first time, and at about this date develops a bench micrometer.
  • 1801
  • 1802
  • 1803
    • After April: Richard Trevithick's London Steam Carriage is demonstrated on the roads.
    • 26 July: The Surrey Iron Railway, a horse-worked wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon, opens, making it the first public railway line in England.
    • Summer: The Stafford Gallery at Cleveland House, the private art collection of the Marquess of Stafford's family, is first opened to the public by invitation.
    • Frederick Albert Winsor gives a demonstration of gas lighting at the old Lyceum Theatre.
    • Trinity Buoy Wharf established.
    • The Globe newspaper begins publication.
  • 1804
  • 1805
    • 20 January: The London Docks open.
    • 25 March: Moorfields Eye Hospital is opened as the London Dispensary for Curing Diseases of the Eye and Ear by John Cunningham Saunders.
    • June: The British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom is founded as a group of connoisseurs. On 18 January 1806, it opens the former Boydell Shakespeare Gallery on Pall Mall as the "British Gallery", and it alternates the world's first regular temporary exhibitions of Old Master paintings with sale exhibitions of the work of living artists.
    • 4 June: The first Trooping the Colour ceremony takes place on Horse Guards Parade.
    • September: The merchantman Boddington (1781 ship) is stranded and wrecked in the Thames off Blackwall.
    • 6 November: The news of the victory at Trafalgar and Nelson's death reaches London in the early hours of this morning, with the bearer, Lieut. Lapenotière, having made his last change of horses on his post from Falmouth the previous evening at Hounslow.
    • 9 December: City Canal opens across the Isle of Dogs; it is later incorporated into West India Docks.
    • The Bow Street Horse Patrol is re-established as a police force.
    • The Royal Arsenal, Woolwich is given its Royal prefix.
  • 1806
  • 1807
    • 28 January: The first demonstration of street gas lighting takes place on Pall Mall.
    • 23 February: Around 40 people are killed in a crush attending a public hanging.
    • 13 March: The dock at Rotherhithe built by the Grand Surrey Canal company opens, and the first section of canal follows.
    • Addington Palace becomes a summer residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury, with Croydon Palace being sold.
  • 1808
  • 1809
    • 24 February: The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane is destroyed by fire. On being encountered drinking in the street while watching the conflagration, the proprietor, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, is reported as saying: "A man may surely be allowed to take a glass of wine by his own fireside."
    • 18 September: A new Theatre Royal, Covent Garden opens to replace the first burnt down in 1808, with a performance of Macbeth. An increase in ticket prices causes the Old Price Riots which last for 64 days until the manager, John Philip Kemble, reverses the price rise.
    • 19 September: Cabinet ministers Viscount Castlereagh (Secretary of State for War and the Colonies) and George Canning (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs) fight a duel with pistols on Putney Heath over policy in the Walcheren Campaign.
    • 22 October: The Croydon Canal opens.
    • 10 November: The Berners Street Hoax takes place, in which Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 54 Berners Street.
    • William Bullock moves his museum of curiosities from Liverpool to become the London Museum in Piccadilly.

1810 to 1819

  • 1810
    • April: Rioting after the imprisonment of Sir Francis Burdett, MP, who has been charged with libel against Parliament after calling for reform of the House of Commons.
    • The Stepney Academy is established as a Baptist ministry training college.
    • The Rev. Dr. William Pearson establishes Temple Grove School in East Sheen, perhaps the earliest preparatory school in the country.
    • Sake Dean Mahomet opens the Hindoostanee Coffee House, making it the first Indian restaurant in London.
    • Thomas Cubitt sets up his building firm in Gray's Inn Road.
    • Bryanston Square and Montagu Square are laid out on the Portman Estate,.
  • 1811
  • 1812
    • 13 April: An attempted road tunnel at Archway collapses during construction.
    • 11 May: The Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, is assassinated by John Bellingham in the House of Commons lobby.
    • 10 October: The rebuilt Theatre Royal, Drury Lane opens.
    • Gas street lighting begins.
    • The New North Road is built as a turnpike.
    • The Egyptian Hall is completed in Piccadilly for the display of William Bullock's collection of curiosities.
    • French chef Jacques Mivart founds a hotel in Mayfair that will become Claridge's.
  • 1813
    • 24 January: The Philharmonic Society of London is formed; it holds its first concert on 8 March.
    • 21 August: The Archway Road cutting opens.
    • 25 December: William Debenham joins Thomas Clark in a partnership to manage a draper's store in London, origin of the later Debenhams department stores.
    • 27 December–3 January 1814: A thick fog blankets London causing the Prince Regent to turn back from a trip to Hatfield House and a mail coach to take 7 hours to reach Uxbridge on its way to Birmingham.
    • 31 December: Westminster Bridge is illuminated by gas lighting provided by the Gas Light and Coke Company from the world's first public gasworks nearby.
  • 1814
Old and new London - a narrative of its history, its people, and its places (1873) (14784537955)
The frozen Thames illustrated in Old and New London (1873)
    • 14 January: The last River Thames frost fair takes place.
    • 12 February: A fire destroys the Custom House.
    • 21 February: The Great Stock Exchange Fraud takes place.
    • 1 April: The Gas Light and Coke Company begins the world's first permanent public gas lighting of streets in the parish of St Margaret's, Westminster, extending to other parts of London by 25 December.
    • April: Louis XVIII of France visits the city.
    • 1 August: The Grand Jubilee in the Royal Parks takes place, where the re-enactment of a naval battle and pyrotechnics kills 2 people.
    • 28 August: Most of the remains of Winchester Palace in Southwark are destroyed in a fire.
    • 17 October: The London Beer Flood takes place, where a large vat of porter in Meux's Brewery bursts, demolishing buildings and killing 9 people.
  • 1815
    • 23 January: Margery is the first Thames steamer known to enter regular service on the "Long Ferry" to Gravesend.
    • 7 April: Lord Byron and Walter Scott meet for the first time in the offices of the publisher John Murray, 50 Albemarle Street.
    • 21 June: News of the Battle of Waterloo (18 June) reaches London late this evening, and on 23 June, the streets are illuminated in celebration.
    • 4 November: The foundation stone of new building for London Institution in Finsbury Circus is laid, making it the first major building contract for Thomas Cubitt.
    • The London Victory Parade of 1815 takes place.
    • The London Docks are completed in Wapping.
    • Jones, Watts and Doulton begins life as a stoneware pottery in Lambeth.
    • Cesspits are permitted to be connected to the London sewer system.
  • 1816
    • 4 June: The first Vauxhall Bridge opens, making it the first iron bridge over the Thames.
    • 14 June: The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded.
    • 22 June: The Regent, designed by Marc Isambard Brunel and built by Henry Maudsley, the first Thames-built steamboat demonstrated on the river, and she is put into service on the "Long Ferry" to Margate. This year also sees the first steam tug on the Thames, the Majestic.
    • 26 June: Millbank Prison admits its first prisoners, all of whom are women.
    • 12 August: The Regent's Canal opens from Paddington to Camden.
    • 15 November & 2 December: The Spa Fields riots takes place by the supporters of the radical Thomas Spence.
    • The English Opera House opens.
    • The music publisher Boosey moves to Holles Street.
    • The Royal Small Arms Factory is completed in Enfield.
    • The name Griffin Brewery is first applied to the 17th-century site in Chiswick.
  • 1817
  • 1818
    • 11 May: The Old Vic is founded as the Royal Coburg Theatre in South London by James King, Daniel Dunn and John T. Serres.
    • The alterations to the King's Theatre by the architect John Nash and George Repton are completed. This includes the construction at the rear of the Royal Opera Arcade, London's first shopping arcade.
  • 1819
    • 20 March: Burlington Arcade opens.
    • 24 March: The first Southwark Bridge, designed by John Rennie as a toll bridge with iron arches, opens.
    • April: John Keats begins his "Great Year" or "Living Year", during which he is at his most productive, having given up work at Guy's Hospital and taken up residence at a new house, Wentworth Place, on Hampstead Heath. On 3 April, Charles Wentworth Dilke lets his house, next door to Keats, to Mrs Brawne, whose daughter Fanny would become the love of Keats' life. Between 21 April and the end of May Keats writes La Belle Dame sans Merci and most of his major odes: Ode to Psyche, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Indolence, and Ode on Melancholy. In the summer he writes Lamia, and on 19 October, he proposes marriage to Fanny.
    • 21 April: The new building for the London Institution in Finsbury Circus opens.
    • The Travellers Club is founded.
    • The bookseller William Pickering is in business as a publisher.

1820 to 1829

  • 1820
  • 1821
    • 4 July: The redesigned Haymarket Theatre opens.
    • 19 July: George IV is crowned in Westminster Abbey. His estranged wife, Caroline of Brunswick, is turned away from the coronation ceremony, and this is also the last coronation at which the full ceremony of the King's Champion is carried out.
    • December: The "Spa Fields Congregational families" begin an Owenite community in Islington, inspired by George Mudie.
    • The De Beauvoir Town and Ladbroke Estate developments begin.
  • 1822
    • 20 October: The first edition of The Sunday Times newspaper is published under this title.
    • The Royal Academy of Music founded, initially near Hanover Square with William Crotch as first principal. It opens in March 1823 before the Royal charter is granted in June 1830.
  • 1823
    • Dr. George Birkbeck establishes the London Mechanics' Institute, predecessor of Birkbeck, University of London, and Finsbury Midwifery Institution is established.
    • Pimm's oyster bar is in business.
  • 1824
    • 16 February: The Athenaeum Club is founded, and is established in temporary premises by May.
    • 10 May: The National Gallery opens to the public in John Julius Angerstein's former house on Pall Mall.
    • 14 August: The Newington Academy for Girls, a Quaker establishment, issues its first prospectus.
    • 30 November: The Banker Henry Fauntleroy is hanged for forgery before a crowd of 100,000 people.
    • Thomas Cubitt is commissioned by Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster, to create a great swathe of building in Belgravia centred on Belgrave Square and Pimlico. The following year, Cubitt begins to lay out estates in Clapham.
    • The Grosvenor Canal opens in Pimlico.
  • 1825
    • 21 March: The British première of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (1824) is presented by the Philharmonic Society of London, who had commissioned it in 1817, at its Argyll Rooms conducted by Sir George Smart and with the choral "Ode to Joy" sung in Italian.
    • 15 June: The foundation stone for the new London Bridge is laid.
    • 3–5 Porchester Terrace is built in Westminster.
    • Regent Street is laid out.
    • The reconstruction of Buckingham Palace by the architect John Nash takes place.
    • The first horse-drawn omnibuses are established in London.
    • The Terrific Register: Or, Record of Crimes, Judgments, Providences, and Calamities is first published.
    • This is the approximate date that London is estimated to overtake Peking as the world's largest city.
  • 1826
  • 1827
    • 21 May: The Standard newspaper begins publication.
    • 6 October: The first Hammersmith Bridge, a toll suspension bridge over the Thames, opens.
    • Clarence House is completed in Westminster.
    • The remodelling of St. James's Park by John Nash is completed.
    • The Metropolitan Turnpike Trust is established.
  • 1828
    • 17 April: The Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.
    • 27 April: The London Zoo opens, and the Tower of London menagerie is transferred there.
    • 21 June: King's College London founded.
    • July: The stone Kingston Bridge opens.
    • 12 August: The Kensington Canal opens.
    • 25 October: St Katharine Docks open.
    • The new Guildhall Library opens.
    • Samuel Reiss's Grand Cigar Divan opens.
  • 1829

1830 to 1839

1840 to 1849

  • 1840
  • 1841
    • February–November: Charles Dickens' novel Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty is published serially.
    • 8 March: The Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, predecessor of the Royal Brompton Hospital, is established.
    • March: Richard Beard opens England's first commercial photographic studio in London, producing daguerreotype portraits.
    • by April: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is first opened to the public.
    • 3 May: The London Library begins operation on Pall Mall.
    • 6 June: The United Kingdom Census 1841 takes place. London's population is 123,563 in the City, 1,825,714 in the county, and 2,235,344 in Greater London.
    • 14 June: The Surrey County Lunatic Asylum opens in Tooting.
    • 12 July: The London and Brighton Railway begins operating from Norwood Junction; it is extended through to Brighton on 21 September.
    • 17 July: The magazine Punch begins publication.
    • 2 August: Fenchurch Street railway station opens for the London and Blackwall Railway.
    • 30 October: A fire at the Tower of London destroys its Grand Armoury and causes £250,000 worth of damage.
    • 12 November: The Jewish Chronicle newspaper begins publication.
    • The City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery, last of the "Magnificent Seven cemeteries" opens.
    • The Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square, is constructed for an equestrian statue of William IV, but this is never erected due to lack of funds, and it remains empty until 1999.
    • The Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes is founded.
    • The Chemical Society of London and the London Philanthropic Society are founded.
  • 1842
    • 14 May: The Illustrated London News begins publication.
    • 15 August: The Metropolitan Police establishes a Detective Branch.
    • 10 & 19 November: The Fleet Prison and Marshalsea debtor's prisons are closed, and inmates transferred to Queen's Bench Prison. Pentonville Prison for criminals is completed in Barnsbury this year.
    • Charles Edward Mudie begins his Mudie's Select Library business from his stationery shop in Bloomsbury.
  • 1843
  • 1844
    • 27 May: The West London Railway opens.
    • 6 June: The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in St Paul's Churchyard by George Williams.
    • 9 August: Metropolitan Buildings Act regulates new construction in London in respect of public safety and health, requires domestic plumbing to be connected to the London sewerage system and creates the Metropolitan Buildings Office as regulator from 1845.
    • 28 October: The Royal Exchange opens.
    • The first eel and mash shop in London is recorded.
  • 1845
    • 3 January: The first known arrest of a fugitive through use of the new electric telegraph is achieved when murderer John Tawell is arrested after being followed by a detective alerted prior to Tawell's arrival at Paddington station.
    • 7 February: In the British Museum, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase, which takes months to repair.
    • 15 March: The first University Boat Race to use the modern-day Putney to Mortlake course takes place, albeit in the reverse direction to that later adopted.
    • 26 March: The Sisterhood of the Holy Cross ('Park Village Community') is established as the first Anglican sisterhood to minister to the poor of St Pancras.
    • 1 May
      • Hungerford Bridge opens as a tolled suspension footbridge.
      • The first cricket match is played at the Kennington Oval.
    • Fuller's Brewery is established as a partnership to run the Griffin Brewery in Chiswick.
    • The laying out of Victoria Park in the East End, the first "People's Park", begins.
    • The Metropolitan Buildings Office is established.
  • 1846
    • 3 April: The last London-based mail coach runs to Norwich.
    • 26 August: The North London Railway is authorised as the East & West India Docks & Birmingham Junction Railway, which opens from 1850.
    • Henry Poole opens an entrance to his tailoring premises from Savile Row, beginning a tradition of Savile Row tailoring.
  • 1847
    • New Oxford Street is constructed.
    • The entrance wing to the British Museum is constructed.
    • The Royal Brompton Hospital admits its first patients.
    • Bernard Quaritch sets up his own bookselling business.
  • 1848
    • 10 April: "Monster" Chartist rally on Kennington Common.
    • 21 April–23 November: Frédéric Chopin visits London and Scotland, with his last public appearance on a concert platform being on 16 November at the Guildhall.
    • 4 July: St George's Church, Southwark is opened, making it the largest post-Reformation Roman Catholic church in London at this date, becoming a cathedral in 1852. The first marriage held here is of its architect, Augustus Pugin, on 10 August.
    • 11 July: Waterloo station opens for the London & South Western Railway.
    • October: The Palm house at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, designed by the architect Decimus Burton and the iron-founder Richard Turner, is completed and opened.
    • The Duke of Wellington, Constable of the Tower since 1826, has a north bastion added to the Tower of London in response to the Chartist threat.
    • The Metropolitan Evening Classes for Young Men, predecessor of London Metropolitan University, are instituted at Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate by Rev. Charles Mackenzie.
    • The Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes completes its first dwellings, the Metropolitan Buildings in Kings Cross.
    • Queen's College, London is founded, making it the world's first school to award academic qualifications to young women.
    • Samuel Reiss's Grand Cigar Divan becomes Simpson's Grand Divan Tavern.
  • 1849

1850 to 1859

  • 1850
  • 1851
    • March: The Marble Arch is relocated to Hyde Park from the entrance to Buckingham Palace.
    • 1 May: The Great Exhibition opens in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park.
    • 16 July: A Roman Catholic educational training college, the predecessor of St Mary's University, is established in Hammersmith.
    • The news agency Reuters is in business.
    • The Royal Marsden is established as the Free Cancer Hospital by the surgeon William Marsden, making it the world's first specialist cancer hospital.
    • A ticket office is erected at the Tower of London by Office of Works, making it the UK's first government-funded tourist infrastructure.
    • Hungerford Hall is built in Westminster.
    • Westminster College, a Methodist teacher training institution, is established.
    • Wandsworth Prison (Surrey House of Correction) admits its first inmates.
    • The Kensington Improvement Act provides for the management of garden squares in the borough.
    • Henry Mayhew's social survey London Labour and the London Poor, which began publication in The Morning Chronicle in 1849, is collected in book form.
  • 1852
  • 1853
    • 20 January: The Photographic Society of London is founded.
    • May: The world's first public aquarium opens in Regent's Park.
    • Uriah Maggs establishes the antiquarian bookselling business that becomes Maggs Bros Ltd.
    • Edward Stanford sets up as a mapseller.
    • The Minchington Hall estate is merged into that of Arnos Grove.
  • 1854
  • 1855
    • 11 April: The first 6 post boxes begin to function in London.
    • By June: The Victoria Dock opens, making it the first in London designed to accommodate steamships.
    • June: The Metropolitan Cattle Market opens.
    • 24 June: There is a riot in Hyde Park over the Sunday Trading Bill.
    • 29 June: The Daily Telegraph newspaper begins publication.
    • 3 September: The last Bartholomew Fair takes place.
    • December: The Charles Dickens' novel Little Dorrit begins serialisation.
    • 12 December: The Stepney Academy moves to Holford House as the Regent's Park College, a Baptist institution.
    • 17 December: The London General Omnibus Company is established in Paris as the Compagnie Générale des Omnibus de Londres; in the following year it absorbs a substantial proportion of the horse-bus operators in London.
    • 22 December: The Metropolitan Board of Works is established.
    • The London and Middlesex Archaeological Society is established.
    • The London School of Jewish Studies, a rabbinical seminary, opens as the Jews' College.
  • 1856
    • 5 March: A fire destroys the Covent Garden Theatre.
    • 15 March: The Boat Race 1856 is the first of the annual series rowed between Cambridge and Oxford University Boat Clubs on the Thames in London.
    • 22 August: The Eastern Counties Railway opens its branch to Loughton; from 1947 this will be the oldest section of the London Underground.
    • 22 October: Big Ben is first given its nickname (by association with Benjamin Hall, 1st Baron Llanover) by the London Evening Standard.
    • 9 November: The last Lord Mayor's Show in which barges on the Thames are used takes place.
    • 13 November: Big Ben, as originally cast in Stockton-on-Tees, is first tested in Westminster.
    • 2 December: The National Portrait Gallery is formally established.
    • The Surrey Music Hall is built in the Royal Surrey Gardens.
  • 1857
    • 2 May: The British Museum Reading Room opens.
    • 22 June: The South Kensington Museum is opened by the Queen. Although it is a predecessor of the Victoria and Albert Museum, it includes the collection of machinery that becomes the Science Museum. It is also the world's first museum to incorporate a refreshment room.
    • Peek Freans is established as biscuit manufacturers in Bermondsey.
  • 1858
    • 1 January: The designation of London postal districts is completed.
    • 31 January: Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Eastern is launched in Millwall.
    • 3 April: Chelsea Bridge, a toll iron suspension bridge over the Thames, opens to the public.
    • 10 April: Big Ben, the Great Bell for the Palace of Westminster's clock tower, is recast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. It is first tested there on 12 May and hoisted into position on 14 October.
    • 1 July: Papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announcing a theory of evolution by natural selection are read at the Linnean Society of London.
    • 2 July–August: Great Stink: Hot weather exacerbates the effects of untreated sewage discharged into the River Thames.
    • 17 July: The salvage of the Lutine bell takes place, and it is subsequently hung in Lloyd's of London.
    • 1 December: The recently formed Odontological Society of London opens the Dental Hospital of London.
    • The Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes completes the Albert Cottages in Stepney.
    • Blackheath F.C. is founded, making it an early rugby football club.
  • 1859
    • 15 January: The National Portrait Gallery opens.
    • 16 March: The Jewish Board of Guardians first meets in the East End.
    • 21 April: The first drinking fountain is erected by the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association.
    • 7 September: The clock and chimes of the newly completed Clock Tower at the Palace of Westminster become fully operational. The great bell, which first chimed on 11 July, however, proves to be cracked and is silent until November 1863.
    • Red House, Bexleyheath, a key building in the Arts and Crafts Movement, is designed by its owner, William Morris, and the architect Philip Webb.
    • Wilton's Music Hall opens in the East End.
    • Approximate date: Rail service to the Great Northern Cemetery in New Southgate begins.

1860 to 1869

  • 1860
    • 28 February: The Artists Rifles is established as the 38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps with headquarters at Burlington House.
    • 9 July: The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, opens at St Thomas' Hospital.
    • 28 August: The Union of Benefices Act is passed to reduce the number of parish churches in the City and build new ones in the expanding suburbs. St Benet Gracechurch is the first to be demolished under this scheme in 1868.
    • 1 October: The first section of Victoria station opens for the London, Brighton & South Coast Railway, with trains using the Grosvenor Bridge across the Thames. The second section, for the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, opens some time later.
    • November: The 'Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs', the predecessor of the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, is established by Mary Tealby.
    • 29 December: The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, HMS Warrior is launched on the Thames at Blackwall.
    • The first section of the London Underground begins construction on the site of Great Portland Street station.
    • Approximate date: Joseph Malin's is one of the first recorded fish and chip shops in London and the United Kingdom.
  • 1861
    • 20 February: Storms damage the Crystal Palace.
    • 18 March: The Metropolitan Tabernacle is dedicated.
    • 23 March: The first of George Francis Train's demonstration horse-drawn trams in London begins operating on the Bayswater Road, but none of them last beyond the end of the year.
    • 26 March: The Oxford Music Hall is opened on Oxford Street by impresario Charles Morton.
    • 22 June: The Tooley Street fire breaks out, and the firefighter James Braidwood is killed while fighting it.
    • 31 July: The church of St James the Less, Pimlico is consecrated.
    • The Crimean War Memorial is unveiled, including sculptures of Other Ranks.
    • The Stationers' Company's School is established.
    • The Royal Horticultural Society opens gardens and exhibition space in South Kensington, which close in 1882.
    • The Amateur Photographic Association is formed.
  • 1862
    • 26 March: The Peabody Trust housing association is established by the London-based American banker George Peabody as the Peabody Donation Fund.
    • 1 May–1 November: The 1862 International Exhibition, or the "Great London Exposition", is held in South Kensington.
    • 24 May: The new Westminster Bridge, an iron arched bridge designed by Thomas Page, opens.
    • 10 November: The first Lambeth Bridge, a toll suspension bridge designed by Peter W. Barlow, opens.
    • c. November: Joseph Bazalgette begins the construction of the Thames Embankment.
    • The Royal Agricultural Hall opens in Islington.
    • The science collections of the South Kensington Museum move to separate buildings on Exhibition Road.
    • Derry & Toms is established as drapers on Kensington High Street.
    • Edward Stanford first publishes Stanford's Library Map of London and its suburbs.
  • 1863
  • 1864
  • 1865
  • 1866
    • 1 January: The Metropolitan Fire Brigade is set up by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 under control of the Metropolitan Board of Works and under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw.
    • July: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson opens the St Mary's Dispensary in Bryanston Square, Marylebone, where women can seek medical advice from exclusively female practitioners.
    • 23–25 July: Demonstrations in Hyde Park in favour of parliamentary reform turn violent.
    • 15 August: Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill is founded.
    • 1 September: Cannon Street station is opened as a terminus by the South Eastern Railway.
    • The last cholera epidemic in London causes over 5,000 deaths.
    • John I. Thornycroft & Company is established as shipbuilders by John Isaac Thornycroft in Chiswick.
    • Harlequin F.C. is established as Hampstead Football Club to play rugby union; its first recorded game takes place in 1867.
  • 1867
    • Early?: The Charing Cross Music Hall opens.
    • 5 January: A major fire destroys the original St John the Baptist's Church in Croydon.
    • 15 January: The Regent's Park skating disaster: 40 skaters are killed when ice breaks in Regent's Park.
    • By February: The Society of Arts inaugurates the blue plaque scheme, advanced by William Ewart, for erecting memorial tablets on London houses previously the homes of notable people. The first plaque is unveiled at Lord Byron's birthplace, 24 Holles Street, off Cavendish Square.
    • 20 May: Queen Victoria lays the foundation stone of the Royal Albert Hall (RAH).
    • October
      • Thomas Barnardo opens his first shelter for homeless children in Stepney.
      • The Hop and Malt Exchange opens in Southwark.
    • 13 December: Clerkenwell explosion ("Clerkenwell Outrage") at Clerkenwell Prison during a Fenian escape attempt; 12 local residents are killed.
    • Autumn/Winter: The Wasps Rugby Football Club is formed.
    • The rebuilding of Palace of Westminster is completed.
  • 1868
    • 14 March: The Millwall Dock opens
    • 25 April: HMS Repulse, the last wooden battleship constructed for the Royal Navy, is launched as an ironclad at Woolwich Dockyard.
    • 26 May: The last public hanging in Britain of the Fenian bomber Michael Barrett outside Newgate Prison for his part in the Clerkenwell explosion.
    • 1 October
    • 24 November: Smithfield Meat Market opens.
    • 8 December: The Echo newspaper begins publication.
    • 10 December: The world's first traffic lights are installed in Parliament Square.
    • 21 December: The new Gaiety Theatre opens.
    • 24 December: The first section of District line of the London Underground opens from South Kensington to Westminster as the District Railway.
    • The Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society is established as the Royal Arsenal Supply Association, a consumers' co-operative.
  • 1869
    • 6 March: The first international cycle race is held in Crystal Palace.
    • 22 May: Sainsbury's first store opens, in Drury Lane.
    • 6 November: The new Blackfriars Bridge and Holborn Viaduct stations are opened by Queen Victoria.
    • 24 November: The Albert Embankment, engineered by Joseph Bazalgette, is completed.
    • 7 December: The first train runs through the Thames Tunnel on the East London Line as a link between the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, the Great Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway.
    • The Royal Navy closes its Deptford and Woolwich Dockyards, and the Greenwich Hospital closes to naval in-pensioners

1870 to 1879

  • 1870
  • 1871
    • 29 March: The Royal Albert Hall opens in South Kensington; it incorporates a grand organ by Henry Willis & Sons which is the world's largest at this time.
    • Spring: James McNeill Whistler publishes Sixteen etchings of scenes on the Thames and paints his first "moonlights" (later called "nocturnes") of the river.
    • May: Beaver Hall is demolished and its estate is merged into that of Arnos Grove.
    • ca. May: French painter James Tissot flees Paris for London.
    • 14 June: Camille Pissarro marries his mistress Julie Vellay in Croydon and returns to France.
    • 18 July: The Slade School of Fine Art is established.
    • 15 September: The Army & Navy Co-operative Society Ltd is incorporated, origin of the Army & Navy Stores.
    • The Metropolitan Board of Works purchases its first portion of Hampstead Heath to preserve it from housing development.
    • The Maison Bertaux patisserie is founded in Soho.
    • Approximate date: Berners Club for Women is active.
  • 1872
  • 1873
    • 16 January: The Royal Naval College, Greenwich is established using the former premises of Greenwich Hospital.
    • March: An American gang defrauds the Bank of England of £100,000.
    • 10 March: The new Guildhall Library building opens.
    • 5 May: The Midland Grand Hotel fronting St Pancras railway station is substantially completed and opened, making it the world's largest hotel at this time.
    • 18 May: Vincent van Gogh begins an 18-month spell living in London (Brixton) and working for an art dealer in Southampton Street.
    • 9 June: Alexandra Palace is destroyed by fire only a fortnight after its opening.
    • 23 August: The Albert Bridge opens.
    • 27 September: The first Wandsworth Bridge opens.
    • 17 November: The Criterion Restaurant opens in Piccadilly.
    • December: Several weeks of severe smog.
    • Butler's Wharf warehouses are completed.
    • Work begins on the Natural History Museum.
  • 1874
  • 1875
    • February: First shelter is installed by the Cabmen's Shelter Fund in St John's Wood.
    • 2 August: The Belgravia Roller Skating Rink opens.
    • September: Joseph Bazalgette completes the 30-year construction of London's sewer system.
    • Arthur Liberty sets up the Liberty business on Regent Street.
    • The Society for Photographing Relics of Old London is established.
  • 1876
    • 16 May: The German American "Napoleon of crime" Adam Worth steals Gainsborough's Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire from Agnew's gallery in Old Bond Street 3 weeks after its sale at Christie's for 10,000 guineas, making it the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time.
    • 7 October: The first greyhound race to use an artificial hare is held in Hendon.
    • November: Hampstead Cemetery opens.
  • 1877
    • 10 April: The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 14-year-old Rossa Matilda Richter ("Zazel") at the Royal Aquarium.
    • 1 May: Grosvenor Gallery opens to the public for the display of contemporary art.
    • 24 March: The Boat Race ends in a dead heat between Oxford and Cambridge for the only time in its history.
    • 20 July: The new Billingsgate Fish Market building opens.
    • Richard Norman Shaw is appointed as the architect to Bedford Park, which was laid out in 1875.
    • The Peter Jones drapery store moves to the King's Road.
  • 1878
    • 2–13 January: Wren's Temple Bar is dismantled and re-erected at Theobalds Park in Hertfordshire. In 1880, a monument is erected on its original site marking the entrance to the city.
    • 24 February: Anti-Russian demonstrations in Hyde Park.
    • 5 March: William Burges moves into The Tower House, which he has designed for himself in the Holland Park district.
    • 25 May: Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera HMS Pinafore opens at the Opera Comique on the Strand with a first run of 571 performances.
    • July: The American-born painter James McNeill Whistler moves into the White House, designed by E. W. Godwin in Tite Street, Chelsea. Also this year, Oscar Wilde moves (initially) into No. 1 in the same street by the same architect.
    • 8 August: The Epping Forest Act requires it to be preserved for public recreation in the care of the Corporation of London.
    • August: The Gaiety Theatre becomes the first in London to light its stage with carbon arc lamps.
    • 3 September: Over 640 people die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the collier Bywell Castle in the Thames off Woolwich.
    • 12 September: Cleopatra's Needle is erected on the Victoria Embankment.
    • October
    • 13 December: Electric street lighting is initially introduced in London on the Thames Embankment, followed by Waterloo Bridge following illumination of the new Billingsgate Fish Market from 29 November.
    • Gamages opens.
    • The Leather, Hide and Wool Exchange is built in Bermondsey.
    • Surrey County Gaol in Southwark is closed.
    • St John's Wood Art School and the Sette of Odd Volumes (club) are founded.
  • 1879
    • 24 May: The Metropolitan Board of Works frees Albert, Chelsea, Vauxhall and Lambeth Bridges of tolls.
    • 1 August: The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company is established.
    • 16 August: Fulham F.C. is founded as the Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School football club.
    • Between November and March 1880, probably the longest ever fog in its history engulfs London.
    • The first telephone exchange opens in London.
    • Prudential Assurance moves to its new headquarters at Holborn Bars.
    • The Welsh draper D H Evans opens his shop at 320 Oxford Street.
George Cruikshank artist. Lived here from 1850 to 1878. B Sept. 27th 1792. D Feb. 1st 1878.
Commemorative plaque erected by the Society of Arts to caricaturist George Cruikshank in Camden (1885).

1880 to 1889

  • 1880
  • 1881
    • 16 March: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb is found and defused in the Mansion House.
    • 3 April: The United Kingdom Census 1881 takes place. London's population is 50,569 in the City, 3,779,728 in the county, and 4,766,661 in Greater London. 1/8 of the UK's population now live in London.
    • 18 April: The Natural History Museum opens in South Kensington.
    • 14–20 July: The International Anarchist Congress is held in London.
    • 26 July: The Evening News is first published.
    • 10 October: Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens, making it the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs. The run of Gilbert and Sullivan's new satirical opera Patience transfers from the Opera Comique. The stage is first lit electrically on 28 December.
    • 15 December: The rebuilt Leadenhall Market opens.
    • "Great Paul", Britain's heaviest swinging bell, is hung in the south-west tower of St Paul's Cathedral.
    • The London Municipal Reform League is founded.
    • Leyton Orient F.C. is formed as the football team of the Glyn Cricket Club.
  • 1882
    • 12 January: Holborn Viaduct power station in the city, the world's first coal-fired public electricity generating station, begins operation to supply street lighting and some premises.
    • 25 January: The London Chamber of Commerce is founded.
    • 24 March: Jumbo the elephant departs from Britain having been sold by London Zoo to the American showman P. T. Barnum.
    • 12 May: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb explodes at the Mansion House.
    • 5 September: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. is founded as Hotspur F.C. by schoolboys with Bobby Buckle as first captain.
    • 25 September: The Young Men's Christian Institute, the former Royal Polytechnic Institute and a predecessor of the University of Westminster, opens in new premises in Regent Street provided by Quintin Hogg.
    • 2 October: Westfield College, a constituent college of the University of London, opens in Hampstead for the education of women.
    • 22 October: The London Press Club is established.
    • 25 November: The Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera Iolanthe is first produced at the Savoy Theatre.
    • 4 December: The Royal Courts of Justice opens on the Strand in Westminster.
    • The Christchurch Rangers, the earliest predecessor of Queens Park Rangers F.C., is founded.
    • The London and Provincial Photographic Association is established.
  • 1883
    • 20 January: Fenian dynamite campaign: An explosion at the Local Government Board, Charles Street, Mayfair (Westminster) causes over £4,000 worth of damage and some minor injuries to people nearby. A 2nd bomb at The Times newspaper offices in Queen Victoria Street does not explode.
    • 17 March: Karl Marx is buried at Highgate Cemetery.
    • 7 May: The Royal College of Music opens with George Grove as its first director.
    • 4 August: The Noel Park estate of the Artizans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company is formally opened.
    • 30 October: Fenian dynamite campaign: Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground, at Paddington (Praed Street) station, which injures 70 people, and Westminster Bridge station.
  • 1884
    • January: The London Hydraulic Power Company is set up by Act to merge the Wharves & Warehouses Steam Power and Hydraulic Pressure Co. (1871) and the General Hydraulic Power Company (1882).
    • 4 January: The Fabian Society is founded on Osnaburgh Street.
    • 26 February: Fenian dynamite campaign: A bomb explodes in the left-luggage office at Victoria station. Other bombs are defused at Charing Cross station, Ludgate Hill station and Paddington station.
    • 16 April: The permanent Brompton Oratory is consecrated.
    • 17 April: The Empire Theatre opens.
    • 30 May: Fenian dynamite campaign: Three bombs explode in London: at the headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Department and the Metropolitan Police Service's Special Irish Branch, in the basement of the Carlton Club (a gentlemen's club frequented by members of the Conservative Party), and outside the home of Conservative MP Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn. 10 people are injured, and a 4th bomb planted at the foot of Nelson's Column fails to explode.
    • 4 June: The East London Aquarium in Spitalfields is destroyed by fire with numerous animals killed.
    • 8 July: The NSPCC is founded as the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
    • 6 October: The Circle line (London Underground) is completed.
    • 22 October: The International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.
    • Samuel and Henrietta Barnett establish and begin living at the first university settlement with Raymond Unwin in Toynbee Hall, in the East End.
    • St Columba's Church, part of the Church of Scotland, is built in Knightsbridge.
    • A swimming pool opens in Dartmouth Road in Forest Hill.
    • The Society of Architects is formed.
  • 1885
  • 1886
    • 18 January: The Hockey Association is founded, largely on the initiative of sports clubs in the London area, and codifies the rules for hockey.
    • 8 February ("Black Monday"): The "Pall Mall riots" take place, the climax of 2 days of rioting in the West End and Trafalgar Square by the unemployed, coinciding with the coldest winter in 30 years. John Burns encourages the demonstrators.
    • 10 March: The first Crufts dog show is held.
    • 10 May: The London, Chatham and Dover Railway duplicates Blackfriars Railway Bridge by the construction of the parallel St Paul's Railway Bridge to serve a new terminus north of the Thames, St Paul's. This is renamed Blackfriars station in 1937.
    • 19 May: Highgate Wood is purchased by the Corporation of London to preserve it for public recreation.
    • 29 May: The replacement stone Putney Bridge opens over the Thames.
    • 20 July: Sayes Court Park opens to the public.
    • 11 December: Arsenal F.C., formed as Dial Square by mostly Scottish workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, play their first match on the Isle of Dogs. The club is renamed Royal Arsenal soon afterwards, supposedly on 25 December.
    • 25 December: There is a great snow storm in London.
    • 26 December: The Olympia exhibition centre opens as the National Agricultural Hall.
    • Queens Park Rangers F.C. is formed by merger of existing clubs in north-west London.
    • Shaftesbury Avenue is completed.
    • The last inmates of Millbank Prison leave
  • 1887
    • April–May: The First Colonial Conference is held at the Colonial Office.
    • 9 May: The first exhibition at Earl's Court, an American Exhibition & Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, opens.
    • 14 May: The People's Palace, a predecessor of Queen Mary University of London, is opened in the East End by Queen Victoria.
    • 11 June: Replacement Hammersmith Bridge, a suspension bridge over the Thames, opens.
    • 6/7 August: A 4th major fire devastates Whiteleys department store in Bayswater.
    • 13 November ("Bloody Sunday"): A large socialist demonstration addressed by respectable speakers is violently broken up by the police. Then, at a 20 November demonstration against police brutality, a bystander is killed.
    • November: Arthur Conan Doyle's first detective novel, A Study in Scarlet, is published in Beeton's Christmas Annual by Ward Lock & Co. in London. This introduces the London consulting detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend and chronicler Dr. Watson.
    • The Earl's Court site is first used as a showground.
    • Clissold Park in Hackney is purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works to be opened as a public park.
    • The London Social Camera Club is established.
  • 1888
    • 18 January: The first issue of The Star evening newspaper goes on sale; it will cover this year's Whitechapel murders intensively.
    • 13 February: The first issue of the Financial Times goes on sale; it was launched on 9 January by Horatio Bottomley as the London Financial Guide.
    • 23 March: A meeting called by William McGregor to discuss establishment of The Football League is held in London.
    • 26 May: Punch magazine begins serialisation of George and Weedon Grossmith's humorous The Diary of a Nobody, the first entry being for "April 3".
    • 11 July: Snow (or at least a heavy frost) in parts of London early this morning.
    • 2–27 July: London matchgirls strike of 1888: Around 200 workers, mainly teenaged girls, strike following the dismissal of 3 colleagues from the Bryant and May match factory. This is precipitated by an article on their working conditions published on 23 June by the campaigning journalist Annie Besant, and the workers unionise on 27 July.
    • 7 August: Whitechapel murders: The body of [[[Martha Tabram]] is found, making her a possible victim of Jack the Ripper.
    • 13 August: The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes the County of London.
    • 31 August: Whitechapel murders: The body of Mary Ann Nichols is found in Buck's Row. She is perhaps the first victim of Jack the Ripper.
    • September: Woolwich Market is officially established on Beresford Square.
    • 8 September: Whitechapel murders: The body of Annie Chapman is found. She is considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper.
    • 2 October: Whitehall Mystery: The remains of a woman's body are discovered at three central London locations, one being the construction site of New Scotland Yard.
    • 3 October: Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy opera The Yeomen of the Guard premières at the Savoy Theatre.
    • 9 November: Whitechapel murders: The body of Mary Jane Kelly is found; she is considered to be the fifth and last of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follows, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers.
    • 17 December: The Lyric Theatre opens in the West End.
    • Parliament Hill is purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works to preserve it as a public viewpoint.
    • The first police boxes are erected in London.
    • St Dunstan's College is refounded in Catford.
    • The Eagle Cricket Club is renamed Orient Football Club.
  • 1889

1890 to 1899

See also

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